Quelle est la chronologie de l'âge du fer ?

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L'âge du fer débute vers 2 650 av. J.-C. en Afrique, vers 1 100 av. J.- C. en Méditerranée et vers 800 à 700 av. J.-C. dans le Nord de l’Europe. Le premier âge du fer, appelé période de Hallstatt, du nom d’une importante nécropole autrichienne, s'étend de 800 à 450 ans avant notre ère environ. La Tène, le second âge du fer, du nom d’un site suisse au bord du lac de Neufchâtel, s’achève avec la conquête de la Gaule par Jules César (58 - 51 av. J.-C.).

L'âge du fer marque la fin de l’âge des métaux. La technique de fusion et de travail du fer apparait ainsi en premier lieu en Anatolie, dans le Caucase, et dans le sud-est de l'Europe, vers -1 300. Cette nouvelle technologie se répand ensuite progressivement dans tout le bassin méditerranéen ainsi qu'en Asie du Sud, puis en Asie centrale et dans le reste de l'Europe. Les populations du nord de l'Europe n'entreront ainsi dans l'âge de fer que vers le Ve siècle avant notre ère. La fin de l’âge de fer coïncide avec le développement de l’écriture, en Europe tout du moins. Il est souvent proposé que l'âge du fer se soit terminé avec le développement de l'écriture, mais ce concept n'est pas généralisable. En effet, l'écriture est apparue de façon non uniforme à travers le monde. En Chine, elle a même devancé la métallurgie du fer. Le concept de l'âge de fer et sa transition avec la période historique, marquée par l'apparition des premiers récits écrits, est plus adapté à l'histoire européenne.

L’âge du Fer est découpé en deux périodes. Le premier âge du Fer (- 800 à - 450) ou période de Hallstatt. Le second âge du Fer (- 450 au changement d’ère) ou période de la Tène. Au cours de ces huit siècles d’histoire, on assiste à l’émergence du phénomène urbain et à une plus forte structuration des sociétés. Les territoires s’organisent, les moyens de production s’améliorent sensiblement, les échanges se développent, et l’ensemble des activités se spécialisent. Si cette évolution n’est pas linéaire, la société se hiérarchise et place à sa tête une élite capable de mobiliser les populations autour de réalisations collectives.

L'âge du fer commence vers 2650 av. J.-C. en Afrique. Il se développe vers 1100 av. J-C dans le monde méditerranéen, mais vers 800 av. J-C dans le nord de l'Europe, et se termine au cours du Ier siècle av. J-C. En Europe, l'âge du fer est divisé en deux grandes périodes : -800 à -480 : Premier âge du fer ou civilisation de Hallstatt -480 à -25 : Second âge du fer ou civilisation de La Tène. Il arrive juste après l'âge du bronze, vers 800 av. J-C en Europe, et se termine lors de la fin de l'ère Celtique, vers 25 av. J-C, lors de la conquète de la Gaule par Rome. Les hittites ont travaillés le fer à partir de -1000.

La période protohistorique durant laquelle la métallurgie du fer s'est généralisée est appelée Age du Fer, qui a commencé à partir du VIII s. av. J.-C. en Europe occidentale. Les stations éponymes de Hallstatt et de La Tène désignent respectivement le premier et le second âge du Fer, avec des dates allant de 800-450 av. J.-C. pour Hallstatt et de 450-25 av. J.-C. pour La Tène. Cependant, il est important de noter que la technologie du fer est connue depuis le 2ème millénaire avant J.-C. chez les Hittites, puis s'est répandue au Proche et Moyen Orient, en Egypte et dans le reste de l'Europe occidentale. La distinction entre les deux âges du Fer correspond à différents critères relatifs à l'utilisation de la technologie, aux types d'habitats, aux pratiques funéraires mais aussi au mobilier produit durant ces époques. Au Premier Age du Fer, le fer est souvent utilisé en contexte funéraire, principalement pour des armes et des vases associés à une classe sociale élevée. Ce n'est qu'au Deuxième Age du Fer que le fer se généralise et est plus fréquemment utilisé, avec des outils liés à l'agriculture ou à d'autres activités comme la construction. La métallurgie du fer apparaît ponctuellement à la fin de l'Age du Bronze, permettant de constater la continuité qui peut exister entre ces deux périodes. Les périodes de Hallstatt et de La Tène ont été datées en comparant les éléments de mobilier importés de Méditerranée et en analysant les niveaux de mobilier sur les sites archéologiques.

L’âge du Fer, qui correspond à la seconde partie de la Protohistoire, s’étend de 800 avant notre ère à la fin du Ier siècle de notre ère. La culture matérielle de l’âge du Fer est principalement définie par le travail de la métallurgie du fer, dont les techniques se répandent en Europe. L’âge du Fer correspond à une période de mutation économique, stimulée par les échanges avec le monde méditerranéen. Durant la première partie de l’âge du Fer, les réseaux d’implantations humaines se densifient jusqu’à donner naissance aux premières villes, les oppida. La civilisation celtique s’étend sur une vaste partie du continent européen. Cette frise chronologique couvre environ 800 000 ans, de la préhistoire à nos jours.